This is an example line of NSF COLDEX MARFA ice penetrating radar data (CLX/MKB2o/R66a) that has been processed to provide azimuthal information about radar echos from below, and to the front and back of the aircraft. The input was 1 meter slow time resampled coherent range record with phase intact. The data were pulse compressed and an azimuth fast Fourier transform was used to convert to azimuth angles in 1 km chunks, then slices at -19°, +19˚ and nadir were selected for these numpy arrays. These can be displayed as an RGB image with Blue = nadir, red = forward and green = rear
The nadir slice should dominate specular echos, as seen with englacial reflecting horizons; where this trades to more balanced returns across all three channels, scattering dominates, as with rough bed rock or volume scattering. A gmt text file contains information about where this transition occurs in the ice column.
Details in delay Doppler processing can be found in Campbell et al., 2014; the idea for using this approach for looking at englacial structure was discussed by Arenas-Pingarrón, Á. et al., 2023. Details of HiCARs/MARFA focused processing can be found in Peters et al., 2007.
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